Social Thought and Police Ethics

 

 

1. Buddhism and the police

 

 

 

1) Meaning of Buddhism

 

① Teachings that deny a personal God who transcends humans and are based on thorough enlightenment

 

② Buddhist teachings are based on righteousness rather than superstition, inclusiveness rather than self-righteousness, the principle of compassion rather than pessimism, the law of equality rather than discrimination, and self-power rather than the power of others.

 

③ Buddhism is divided into Theravada Buddhism, which emphasizes individual practice, and Mahayana Buddhism, which seeks to improve all living beings.

 

 

 

2) Origin of Buddhism

 

① Gautama Siddhartha, the prince of the Kapila Kingdom, who was born at the foot of the Himalayas near the southern border of Nepal, became a monk to pursue enlightenment and attain enlightenment.

 

② Siddhartha's practice is a thoroughly human-centered religion that starts from observation of the concrete real world rather than transcendent God or the principles of the universe and focuses on human awakening.

 

 

3) Buddhist Thought

 

① Birth, old age, illness, and death, which all human beings must experience, are defined as suffering, and the state of nirvana (涅槃) where one is free from all suffering, that is, ‘the state of neither the presence of thoughts nor the absence of thoughts (non-thoughts). , Aiming for the state of samadhi and sainthood, where all pain, including fear and physical pain, has been overcome.

 

② Seongdo means that sentient beings (all living beings who have not realized the reason why human suffering occurs) do not realize the true truth and live with a dark mind and suffer the pain of reincarnation during birth, old age, illness, and death due to ignorance. This is usually called acting. When a person escapes ignorance, he or she will reach ‘Nirvana, a state of absolute comfort, where there is no birth, no aging, no illness, no death, no sorrow, no impurity.’

 

③ In Buddhism, fundamental enlightenment is concentrated in the Four Noble Truths, the four noble truths. The result of suffering in the collection of truths is caused by three wrong mindsets. The three are greed, which seeks to satisfy endless sensual desires, jealousy, which seeks to harm others, and foolishness, which is a foolish mind. These are the three poisons. These three poisons are not our original mind, but are accepted as karma resulting from the accumulation of bad lifestyle habits.

 

④ Dao Seongje (道聖諦) usually means eight paths to enlightenment and is usually called the Eightfold Path (八正道) as a practical path. Right view means to see things correctly as they are, right thinking means to think straightly about everything without self-interest, and right speech means not to lie, speak harshly, or say things that cause division, etc. Right karma means doing things that promote happiness without destroying life or stealing, and right life means not having a job that harms others. Lastly, Jeongjeong (Jeongjeongjin) means trying to eliminate the evil mind and create a good mind, and Jeongmyeong (Right Mind) refers to observing one's physical activities, sensations, thoughts, etc. It is a practice item that requires concentration and maintaining the state of concentration.

 

⑤ The Eightfold Path is synthesized into three studies. These three studies are Right Vision and Right Mind, which are the way to become wise, and the study of wisdom; Right speech, right action, and right life, which are the way to keep precepts; Right wisdom, right mind, and right determination. means Jeonghak (定學) as a way to achieve stability of mind. Therefore, the Eightfold Path is the right path to overcome all kinds of pain in life by overcoming greed through precepts, overcoming the mind of truth through wisdom, and overcoming the state of ignorance through wisdom. This can be called the middle way in a practical sense.

 

⑥ Thought of Mahayana Buddhism - From around the 1st century BC, about 100 years after the death of Shakyamuni, a reform movement began in the Buddhist world, and the idea of Mahayana Buddhism arose with the purpose of ‘returning to the original intention of Shakyamuni.’ Based on the early teachings of Buddha, we are more interested in realistic issues. The Bodhisattva's interest in and practice of caring for living beings can be summarized as the Bodhisattva practice, and the ethics of Mahayana Buddhism that emphasizes the Bodhisattva practice can be expressed in one word: mercy for living beings.

 

⑦ In order to practice compassion, there is a Bodhisattva practical ethics called the Six Paramitas. Almsgiving, generously giving things or teachings to others; discipline, strictly observing the precepts; perseverance, enduring humiliating things; diligence, working tirelessly toward enlightenment; Jhāna (Zen) where one concentrates and does not become distracted, Prajñā (般若), which leads to the other side through the perfection of wisdom, etc. ‘Do not do any evil, but strive to do all good to brighten your heart.’

 

 

 

4) Buddhism and police ethics

 

① Buddhist virtues present a ‘Bodhisattva police image’ in the organizational life and police activities of police officers.

 

② The Bodhisattva police image means that the police will rule over criminals in order to protect the lives and property of citizens, but must follow the law, and that when executing the law, they will serve the purpose of good work for reform and good fortune based on mercy to the extent possible. . The help of a Bodhisattva is needed in places where there is pain, sadness, and anger, such as at crime scenes where people are harmed or at disasters or catastrophes. Therefore, the spirit of mercy represented by the practice of Bodhisattva can become the conceptual horizon of the spirit of sacrifice and service that police officers must maintain.

 

 

 

2. Zen life and police ethics

 

 

 

1) Meaning of life line

 

① Zen is the direction and form of life pursued by wise people in an age of disharmony between material abundance and ego poverty.

 

② Zen Zen does not mean gradually erasing all kinds of defilements and delusions in the mind one by one, as is commonly thought, but rather means the practice of cleaning out only the toxins in the mind that the self cannot control and organizing and using the rest. As the true master of the world, goodness is the first gateway to properly seeing the world, through which humans are not brainwashed by the world's vain concepts or knowledge, but through ‘real self-experience of seeking and seeking alone.’

 

③ This work of purifying all kinds of information that has been accepted uncritically is called thinking. It is also called purity because it is said to cleanse the mind and make it pure. Through Zen practice to find the true self, one achieves physical balance, achieves mental moderation, and moves toward the ultimate goal of ‘enduring’ human perfection.

 

 

 

2) Method of living line

 

① As a precaution, monks do not do the five things on their own. 1. Avoid unnecessary killing. 2. Avoid unnecessary words. 3. Do not engage in sexual activity without love. 4. Avoid excessive greed. 不貪心) 5. Do not be jealous, envious, or steal. (不妬盜)

 

② As an exercise, I personally put the five things into action. 1. I kept my purity through Zen meditation. (純潔) 2. I rejoiced in pain. (苦行) 3. Whatever I did, I did it with love and one mind. (滿足) 4. I shared good things with my neighbors (樂送). ) 5. Do not exclude anything and achieve harmony through love. (見性)

 

③ The left method maintains physical balance and instills flexibility in the body.

 

④ Through Danjeon breathing, achieve moderation of mind and have an unwavering mind.

 

⑤ Acquire skills to control one’s emotions and control one’s mind through discipline.

 

⑥ Concentrate your mind in one place through meditation or mental work.

 

⑦ Meditation or contemplation is a form of meditation or contemplation that purifies the mind of distracting thoughts. ⑧ It is gwanhye or silence, which means silence before samadhi.

 

⑨ It is Samadhi and it is a great meditation. Everything that was tied down is slowly being released.

 

⑩ Nirvana is a state in which one can freely objectify or subjectivize the universe.

 

 

 

3) Goodness and police ethics

 

① Police officers can develop insight into issues such as society's mistakes, organizational members' loss of self, and actions that organization members should take through the wisdom of feeling and observing living nature as it is through life.

 

② Police officers must make desperate efforts toward patience. However, police officers do not have time to reflect on themselves and live a passive life without knowing where they came from or where they are going.

 

③ When life in a police organization itself is viewed as an opportunity to advance toward self-knowledge and wisdom, one can live a life faithful to one's self. When this happens, you will be able to accept organizational life as an opportunity for self-growth and self-transcendence. In short, police officers can learn many lessons from their lives in solidifying the direction of their lives and organizational life by focusing on the ego.

 

 

 

3. Confucian spirit and police ethics

 

 

 

1) Meaning of Confucianism

 

① Confucianism is an ideological system compiled by Confucius, emphasizing the principles of respect for one and the other, respect for the ruler, and kings outside the country. Emphasizes harmony and connection between personal and social aspects.

 

② In Korea, Confucius's primitive Confucianism was accepted during the Three Kingdoms period, the Song Dynasty's Neo-Confucianism (Confucianism) was imported at the end of the Goryeo Dynasty and became the ruling ideology of Joseon, and the Qing's archaeological studies were imported in the late Joseon Dynasty and influenced Silhak.

 

2) Confucian ideology

 

① In Confucianism, the existence at the center of the personal and social levels is viewed as a family, and the ethics of the family are emphasized. Society can be simplified as a complex network of social responses to individual actions and, conversely, individual responses to the social environment. Family is not only the basic unit of social life, but also human moral practice originates from the community of good fortune and blessing called family. The spirit of Confucianism is that when harmony in the family meets heaven and earth, it leads to world peace. Confucius emphasized that the path of Confucius originates from marital relations (君子之道 造端乎夫婦).

 

Confucian social consciousness is an expansion of family consciousness. Family consciousness should not be interpreted narrowly as a family as a small-town living unit. In Confucianism, Mother Nature and the universe are highlighted not as geometric spaces but as spaces experienced by humans. All experienced human living spaces are nothing more than an extension of family consciousness. However, if this pseudo-consciousness constitutes a 'closed society', it carries the evils of kinship, regionalism, and school-relativeism. However, if it forms an 'open society', it transforms the nation into a single family and civil society into an abstract, anonymous, unrecognized society. We can make it not just a society, but a society full of mutual love. The family consciousness is ‘closed’

 

The standard of whether it is a ‘lean society’ or an ‘open society’ does not lie in the family consciousness itself, but in the civic ethical atmosphere that interprets the family consciousness.

 

② Confucius cited benevolence, loving people, as the perfection of humanity and the ideology of social order. Methods for realizing benevolence include 孝悌, loyalty, and courtesy to others. In addition, Confucius placed great importance on rites and rules and ideally saw a society in which “lords, sons, fathers, and sons” fulfilled their duties.

 

③ Self-control comes from self-control. Sincerity means sincerity. Whatever you do, you must do it with sincerity, not roughly, not to the point, and not with tricks.

 

④ Daehak, as a study of great people, has as its ideal the enlightenment of bright virtue. The university presents an eight-step process. These are called the eight stages, which are the foundation, self-knowledge, knowledge, right mind, moral body, ruling family, government, and peace. From Gyeokmul to Receiver, it is the study of inner saints (becoming saints within), and from the lower part of the world to Pyeongcheonha, it is the study of the outer king (outwardly the king). It is a process of realizing.

 

⑤ Confucianism emphasizes discipline to maintain social order. Discipline refers to the ‘fleet’ that supports the net. The large bye is called 綱, and the small bye is called 紀. When discipline is maintained, the police organization can finally perform its functions.

 

 

 

3) Confucianism and police ethics

 

① Corrupt police organization and police ethics: The selfish desires and unhealthy passions of individual police officers pollute the entire police organization, and the corrupt organization causes corrupt individual behavior, repeating a vicious cycle. It is difficult for individuals to maintain a healthy mind and body and moral orientation in the repetition of unhealthy vices. In a society where bribery is rampant, honest police officers have no choice but to become alienated, extremely helpless, or adapt and assimilate into the structure. Moreover, the contradictory reality is two-faced and complex, making it difficult to come up with a prescription.

 

② Basic direction: Confucianism views education and politics as a unified complex. Police officers must combine self-training education with efforts to transform the structure of organizational practices.

 

③ Police who are private first and then public: The term "滅private" is used. It may be possible to make every effort to support the public, but is it really possible to eliminate private law? Therefore, it is more accurate to say that he died first rather than died. It does not mean to get rid of private desires and private desires, but to control and suppress them so that the satisfaction of desires comes after public ones. In other words, it is not possible to eliminate privacy. Like killing the body, killing oneself and completing benevolence is only possible in a crisis situation.

 

④ A police officer who commits suicide: Toegye’s ‘God of Mischief’ tells us that each police officer needs to make an effort to become a true human being. Without awareness of identity, there is a risk that all thoughts and actions for the benefit of others will ultimately degenerate into meaningless inflation of words.

 

⑤ Righteous police: Righteousness is right. At this time, what is right is what is right for oneself and what is right for others. In other words, when you act in pursuit of righteousness, there is nothing to be ashamed of and you become proud. Righteousness appears as spirit and spirit. The fact that all police officers are full of conscious energy means that their spirit is upright and their incisions are firm. That is why the word faithfulness is always attached to upright people. Confidence is a strong will, a noble emotion, and an emotion. When there are more faithful police officers, good police ethics will be established.

 

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4. Silhak Mokmin view and police ethics

 

 

 

1) Significance of Silhak

 

① Silhak: Criticizing the speculative nature of Zhu Xi's ideas, which formed the theoretical basis of the Confucian political system of the Joseon Dynasty, developed a theory of political, economic, and social facts from a realist perspective with the goal of using the world and increasing profit since the 17th century. A series of ideological trends.

 

 

 

2) Philosophy of Silhak

 

① It attempted to criticize the evils of focusing on the utilitarian and public theories of Neo-Confucianism or Confucianism, and to present economic theory, science and technology theory, and the attitude of politicians so that they could be reflected in policies through extensive academic research while properly looking at the new trends of the times. The ideological basis is oriented toward the people.

 

② Dasan criticized the understanding of Confucian scriptures held by conventional Confucianism and attempted to understand the true meaning of Confucian scriptures from a positivist standpoint. It can be said that Dasan's studies were the fruit of his efforts to move towards the study of the Confucian scholars, who were considered the origins of original Confucianism, by taking the essence of orthodox Confucianism and abandoning non-confucianism. Confucius's way is the study of the wise man, and Dasan's Silhak is, in a word, the study of the wise man. It is said that the Six Books and Four Books were prepared for the sake of businessmen, and the Books of One and Two were prepared for the rulers.

 

③ Looking at the basic characteristics of Dasan's Sugichiin's doctrine, first, Dasan proclaimed democraticism, saying that administrators exist for the people, not the people for them. Second, Dasan advocates the idea of equality based on ability. Third, Dasan is actively showing his will to create a new administrative system and order. Fourth, when the local officials of the time largely deviated from their duties as shepherds and took on the appearance of immoral powerful people who preyed on farmers who did not have rights, Dasan defined them as great tyrants and said that if Daedo was not eliminated, all the people would be put to death.

 

 

 

3) Silhak Mokmin view and police ethics

 

(1) According to Dasan, the shepherd's duty begins with correcting oneself first. Dasan presents six principles that shepherds must follow to keep themselves upright.

 

① A person who becomes a superior of the people must have a heavy attitude, abstain from drinking alcohol, avoid extravagance, reject the manners, be polite and neat, be solemn and look like he or she will serve a great person, and do not dare to indulge in entertainment, disrupt public affairs, and waste time. Make sure there are no lice. (飭窮)

 

② We must recognize that the view of the people and the people is the only way to make people obey through dignity, and that dignity comes from revering the integrity.

 

③ The Mongmingwan must strictly prohibit extravagance in clothing and food at home and lead a frugal life. He must strictly control the doors to prevent solicitation or bribery. He must establish excellent family taste and ethics and become an example to all the people. ( (齊家)

 

④ The inside of the government office should always be solemn and clean, and no personal affection should be tolerated.

 

⑤ It is natural to know how to use your own wealth sparingly, but to neglect it and use it carelessly if it is for public use. Therefore, if you are a good magistrate, you must think of public affairs as if it were your own personal business, know how to cherish and use tributes sparingly, and prevent arbitrariness or exploitation of offerings by servants. (節用)

 

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(2) Six principles of managing a prosperous person

 

① First of all, Mokmingwan must thoroughly crack down on Ajeon and straighten discipline. The wisest way to correct Ajeon is for Mokmingwan to maintain integrity, conduct himself properly, treat Ajeon generously, show grace, and influence him. However, if a person does not realize it even after being kindly taught and enlightened, but still commits evil and commits cunning acts, he must be severely punished. (束吏)

 

② The military, civil servants, government servants, and civil servants who are members of the government office are illiterate, and their behavior can be rough and vicious, so they must be prevented from disrupting the selection of the government.

 

③ When hiring talent, we value the humanity of the other person above all else, and talent and knowledge come next.

 

④ Mokmingwan may also be ignorant of the state of the world. Mokmin officials must always watch over the sympathies of their officials to prevent them from falling for the tricks of those around them and corrupting government affairs, and check on the crimes of the people to eradicate them.

 

⑤ In order to govern people, trust and obligation must be clearly established. Where trust and obligation are carried out fairly, proper personnel administration will be carried out and government affairs will become bright. (考功)

 

⑥ If there is a virtuous scholar in his town who has accumulated knowledge and virtue, the Mokmingwan should visit him from time to time and recommend him. This is the way for Mokmingwan to exalt the virtuous and at the same time encourage goodness to people. Also, if the person you have is scholarly and capable, you should recommend them to a good position so that they can demonstrate their skills and abilities. (擧賢)

 

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(3) Six attitudes suggested by Dasan that Mokmingwan should follow in relation to criminal justice

 

① Those in power must lead the people to goodness and justice and build an orderly, moral and moral society, thereby creating an ideal era in which there is no need to wait for the people's lawsuits before handling them.

 

② In handling criminal cases, statutory deadlines must be strictly adhered to and the speedy resolution policy must be used to protect criminals as much as possible and prevent human rights from being violated.

 

③ Punishment must be handled with caution as it has a serious impact on people. Therefore, being harsh with your brother due to personal feelings is an act of committing a sin.

 

④ If there is a patient among those imprisoned, they must be treated and cared for, and the prisoners must be shown compassion, protection, and grace.

 

⑤ Mokmingwan refers to a violent crime in the market where one or two vicious and delinquent people play the role of tigers among the merchants, manipulating the scales and horses, deceiving the scales and rulers, buying prostitutes and selling them alcohol, and selling wheat and meat, etc., violating the social norms. One person must be strictly disciplined to prevent him or her from engaging in such behavior again. In addition, Mokmin-gwan must strictly prohibit the violent behavior of powerful people or noble families and severely punish them to alleviate the suffering of the people who are gentle like sheep and purify society. (禁暴)

 

⑥ Mokmin officials must be wary of military leaders collaborating with thieves to dispose of stolen goods and gain profits, and enlisting thieves to implicate well-off people, thereby accusing innocent people and draining their hard-earned blood. Mokmingwan must recognize that the main reason for the occurrence of thieves is because the people are exploited and lose their way of life, and must ensure that the people can live comfortably. In addition, those who deceive the public and create social anxiety through superstitions or rumors must be severely punished.

 

 

5. Christianity and police ethics

 

 

 

1) Significance of Christianity

 

① Human beings were created in the image of God and were given the freedom by God to multiply themselves by controlling all things in the world. However, this human freedom refers to freedom in relationships with the world and does not mean freedom with God. Ultimately, human freedom means freedom toward the world within God's relationship. The relationship between God and humans is that of the Creator and creation, and nothing that humans can claim or achieve is given to them by God.

 

There is nothing that can be done.

 

②. Humans expelled from Eden reject their bondage with God, and those who break their relationship with God live in existential anxiety and pain and face death.

 

③. Through the atonement of Christ, humans can reach the right relationship of accepting God through Christ Jesus, and because of this, even strangers can receive God. Now it is up to humans whether to accept God or not, and God prepares the gates of heaven for those who accept God, and destroys those who do not accept God on the Last Day.

 

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2) Christian Thought

 

① Man of free will: The essential meaning of Christianity is ‘creative holiness’ and ‘redemptive love.’ The first thing to do is to grant divinity to humans in the image of God, and to overcome human rebellion against God through the sacrifice of Christ. Forgiving is the second. Christianity asserts that humans are beings with free will who have received the ‘divinity of God.’ This human free will appears to be able to defy God's will.

 

②. Equal humans: The fact that humans have received divinity from God means that all humans are equal. Only God could discriminate between humans. However, the discrimination of God's selection seen in the ideology of the chosen people lost its meaning through the atonement of Christ and all humans became equal before God. Discrimination arises depending on whether or not one accepts God.

 

③. Second Commandment: The ethics that Christianity gives to humans can be summarized in two commandments. One is to bind human free will to God, and the other is to practice infinite love for humans.

 

 

 

3) Christian police ethics

 

① The exercise of police power must seek God’s justice.

 

②. The actions of police officers should be an exercise of love for humans.

 

③. Police work is a calling from God for police officers. In other words, police officers can be seen as having been given the position of police officers to seek God's righteousness and love their neighbors. Therefore, since police officers have been called by God, they must live in a manner worthy of the purpose of their calling with ‘humility, gentleness, patience, and love.’

 

 

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Summary

 

Buddhism and Police Ethics

 

1. Meaning of Buddhism:

- Teachings denying a personal God, emphasizing enlightenment.

- Based on righteousness, inclusiveness, compassion, equality, and self-power.

- Divided into Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism.

 

2. Origin of Buddhism:

- Gautama Siddhartha, prince of Kapila Kingdom, pursued enlightenment.

- Human-centered religion, focusing on the concrete real world.

 

3. Buddhist Thought:

- Defines human experiences (birth, old age, illness, death) as suffering.

- Aims for Nirvana, a state free from suffering.

- Fundamental enlightenment in Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path.

 

4. Buddhism and Police Ethics:

- Presents a 'Bodhisattva police image' for police officers.

- Emphasizes following the law, serving the purpose of good work, and showing mercy.

- Reflects the spirit of sacrifice and service in police activities.

 

 

Zen Life and Police Ethics

 

1. Meaning of Zen Life:

- Pursued by wise people in an era of disharmony between material abundance and ego poverty.

- Involves cleaning toxins in the mind, seeking true self-experience, achieving physical balance, mental moderation, and human perfection.

 

2. Method of Living Line:

- Monastic precautions involve avoiding unnecessary actions related to killing, words, loveless sexual activity, excessive greed, jealousy, envy, and stealing.

- Personal exercises include maintaining purity through Zen meditation, rejoicing in pain, performing actions with love, sharing with neighbors, and achieving harmony through love.

- Methods include maintaining physical balance, flexibility, Danjeon breathing, emotional control through discipline, concentration through meditation, and achieving a state of Nirvana.

 

3. Goodness and Police Ethics:

- Police officers develop insight through observing living nature.

- Emphasis on patience, self-reflection, and active life to advance toward self-knowledge and wisdom.

- Organizational life as an opportunity for self-growth and self-transcendence.

 

 

Confucian Spirit and Police Ethics

 

1. Meaning of Confucianism:

- Ideological system emphasizing respect, harmony, and connection between personal and social aspects.

- Evolved in Korea through various phases, including primitive Confucianism, Neo-Confucianism, and influences from the Qing Dynasty.

 

2. Confucian Ideology:

- Views family as the center of personal and social life, emphasizing family ethics and societal harmony.

- Benevolence is cited as the perfection of humanity, promoting 孝悌 (loyalty), courtesy, and adherence to rites and rules.

- Stresses self-control, sincerity, and the eight-step process in the study of great people (Daehak).

 

3. Confucianism and Police Ethics:

- Corrupt police organizations result from individual officers' selfish desires, affecting the entire structure.

- Confucianism suggests combining self-training education with transforming organizational practices.

- Emphasizes controlling private desires, becoming public-oriented, and fostering righteous police officers for ethical establishment.

 

 

Silhak Mokmin View and Police Ethics

 

1. Significance of Silhak:

- Criticizes Zhu Xi's speculative Confucian ideas in the Joseon Dynasty, focusing on realist political, economic, and social theories from the 17th century onward.

 

2. Philosophy of Silhak:

- Critiques utilitarian and public theories of Neo-Confucianism, emphasizing economic theory, science, technology, and a people-oriented approach.

- Dasan advocates democraticism, equality based on ability, and a new administrative system.

 

3. Silhak Mokmin View and Police Ethics:

- Dasan outlines six principles for shepherds, emphasizing self-correction, dignity, frugality, and exemplary conduct.

- Six principles for managing a prosperous person include cracking down on corruption, preventing disruptions, valuing humanity in hiring, and establishing trust.

- Dasan suggests six attitudes for criminal justice, promoting goodness, adherence to statutory deadlines, cautious punishment, compassionate treatment of prisoners, strict discipline against violence, and addressing social issues causing theft.

 

 

Christianity and Police Ethics

 

1. Significance of Christianity:

- Humans created in God's image with freedom to control the world.

- Human freedom is within God's relationship.

- Atonement through Christ allows the right relationship with God.

- Heaven awaits those accepting God; destruction for those who don't on the Last Day.

 

2. Christian Thought:

- Man of Free Will:

- Essential meaning: 'Creative holiness' and 'redemptive love.'

- Humans, created in God's image, have received divinity.

- Free will allows humans to defy God's will but can be redeemed through Christ's sacrifice.

 

- Equal Humans:

- All humans are equal as recipients of divinity.

- God's discrimination lost meaning through Christ's atonement.

- Discrimination arises based on accepting God.

 

- Second Commandment:

- Christian ethics: Bind human free will to God and practice infinite love for humans.

 

3. Christian Police Ethics:

- Seeking God’s Justice:

- Police power exercise must align with God’s justice.

 

- Exercise of Love for Humans:

- Actions of police officers should be an exercise of love for humans.

 

- Calling from God:

- Police work is a divine calling for officers.

- Officers called by God must live in humility, gentleness, patience, and love.

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Key Questions:

 

Buddhism

 

1. What are the key teachings of Buddhism?

- Emphasizes enlightenment, righteousness, inclusiveness, compassion, equality, and self-power.

 

2. Who was Gautama Siddhartha, and what characterizes Buddhism's origin?

- Prince of Kapila Kingdom, pursued enlightenment with a focus on the concrete real world.

 

3. Explain the concept of suffering and the goal of Nirvana in Buddhism.

- Suffering defined in birth, old age, illness, death. Nirvana aims for a state free from suffering.

 

 

Zen life

 

1. What is the core concept of Zen life?

- Pursued by wise individuals in an era of disharmony between material abundance and ego poverty.

 

2. Explain the precautions and exercises involved in the method of living line in Zen.

- Precautions include avoiding unnecessary actions, while exercises involve practices like Zen meditation, rejoicing in pain, and sharing with neighbors.

 

3. How can police officers benefit from the wisdom of Zen in their ethical practices?

- Develop insight through observing living nature, practice patience, engage in self-reflection, and view organizational life as an opportunity for self-growth.

 

 

Confucianism

 

1. What is the core emphasis of Confucianism regarding family and societal harmony?

- Answer: Confucianism emphasizes family as the center of personal and social life, believing that harmony in the family leads to world peace.

 

2. How does Confucianism view benevolence, and what methods are suggested for realizing benevolence?

- Answer: Benevolence is viewed as the perfection of humanity. Methods include 孝悌 (loyalty), courtesy, and adherence to rites and rules.

 

3. What does Confucianism propose as a basic direction for police officers to combat corruption?

- Answer: Confucianism views education and politics as a unified complex, suggesting that police officers combine self-training education with efforts to transform organizational practices.

 

 

Dasan, Silhak 

 

1. What are the key principles suggested by Dasan for shepherds in the context of Silhak Mokmin view?

- Answer: The principles include maintaining a dignified attitude, emphasizing dignity, leading a frugal life, keeping the government office solemn and clean, and using personal wealth sparingly for public affairs.

 

2. According to Silhak Mokmin view, what is the focus when cracking down on ill-discipline among prosperous persons?

- Answer: The focus is on Mokminwan maintaining integrity, conducting himself properly, treating individuals with influence generously, showing grace, and influencing them positively.

 

3. What is emphasized in the principles for criminal justice according to Dasan's Silhak Mokmin view?

- Answer: Emphasis is placed on leading people to goodness and justice, adhering to statutory deadlines, handling punishment cautiously to avoid personal biases, treating prisoners with compassion, disciplining those engaged in violent market behavior, and preventing collaboration between military leaders and thieves.

 

 

Christianity

 

1. What is the essential meaning of Christianity regarding human free will?

- Answer: The essential meaning is 'creative holiness' and 'redemptive love,' granting divinity to humans created in God's image.

 

2. According to Christian thought, how did Christ's atonement impact the equality of humans before God?

- Answer: Christ's atonement removed God's discrimination; all humans became equal recipients of divinity.

 

3. What are the two commandments summarizing Christian ethics for humans?

- Answer: One is binding human free will to God, and the other is practicing infinite love for humans.

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Key Problems

 

Buddhism

 

1. What is the term for the state in Buddhism that is free from all suffering?

- A) Samadhi

- B) Sainthood

- C) Nirvana

- D) Seongdo

- Answer: C) Nirvana

- Explanation: Nirvana is the state of absolute comfort, free from birth, aging, illness, death, sorrow, and impurity.

 

2. What characterizes Mahayana Buddhism's focus, and how is it expressed?

- A) Emphasis on individual practice, expressed through meditation.

- B) Interest in realistic issues, expressed through Bodhisattva practice.

- C) Emphasis on strict observation of precepts, expressed through almsgiving.

- D) Focus on personal enlightenment, expressed through the Eightfold Path.

- Answer: B) Interest in realistic issues, expressed through Bodhisattva practice.

- Explanation: Mahayana Buddhism emphasizes Bodhisattva practice, showing mercy for living beings.

 

3. What is the concept of 'Jeonghak' in the Eightfold Path?

- A) Right action

- B) Right life

- C) Right determination

- D) Right wisdom

- Answer: C) Right determination

- Explanation: Jeonghak (Right Determination) is part of the Eightfold Path and involves trying to eliminate the evil mind and cultivate a good mind.

 

 

 

Zen life

 

1. What is the primary purpose of Zen meditation in the method of living line?

- A) Erasing all defilements gradually.

- B) Achieving physical balance and mental moderation.

- C) Purifying the mind of distracting thoughts.

- D) Experiencing love and harmony.

- Answer: C) Purifying the mind of distracting thoughts.

- Explanation: Zen meditation aims to purify the mind of distracting thoughts, enabling a focus on the true self.

 

2. What is the role of patience in the context of police officers and Zen life?

- A) A hindrance to self-growth.

- B) Unnecessary in organizational life.

- C) An essential effort for police officers.

- D) A passive approach to life.

- Answer: C) An essential effort for police officers.

- Explanation: Police officers must make desperate efforts toward patience, crucial for self-growth.

 

3. How is Nirvana defined in the context of Zen life?

- A) An extreme state of material abundance.

- B) A state of harmony between ego poverty and material abundance.

- C) A passive state of mind without self-control.

- D) A focus on excessive greed and jealousy.

- Answer: B) A state of harmony between ego poverty and material abundance.

- Explanation: Nirvana is described as a state where one can freely objectify or subjectivize the universe, signifying harmony between ego poverty and material abundance.

 

 

Confucian 

 

1. What is the central concept of Confucian social consciousness regarding family consciousness?

- A) Narrowly interpreting family as a small living unit.

- B) Emphasizing the importance of geometric spaces.

- C) Highlighting family as the basic unit of social life.

- D) Focusing on closed societies.

- Answer: C) Highlighting family as the basic unit of social life.

- Explanation: In Confucianism, family is considered the basic unit of social life, and family consciousness extends to all human living spaces.

 

2. According to Confucius, what role does righteousness play in establishing good police ethics?

- A) Suppressing private desires entirely.

- B) Pursuing public-oriented actions.

- C) Encouraging corrupt behavior.

- D) Ignoring civic ethical atmosphere.

- Answer: B) Pursuing public-oriented actions.

- Explanation: Righteousness in Confucianism involves acting in pursuit of what is right for oneself and others, establishing good police ethics.

 

3. What does Confucianism propose regarding controlling private desires in the context of police ethics?

- A) Complete elimination of private desires.

- B) Adapting and assimilating into the corrupt structure.

- C) Making efforts to control and suppress private desires.

- D) Viewing private desires as irrelevant.

- Answer: C) Making efforts to control and suppress private desires.

- Explanation: Confucianism suggests controlling and suppressing private desires, ensuring public satisfaction comes before private ones.

 

 

Dasan

 

1. What is one of the principles suggested by Dasan for shepherds to prevent solicitation or bribery?

- A) Leading a frugal life.

- B) Using personal wealth for public affairs.

- C) Keeping the government office solemn and clean.

- D) Abstaining from drinking alcohol.

- Answer: D) Abstaining from drinking alcohol.

- Explanation: One of the principles is to abstain from drinking alcohol to maintain a dignified attitude.

 

2. In Silhak Mokmin view, what does Mokmingwan focus on when cracking down on ill-discipline among prosperous persons?

- A) Maintaining integrity and positive influence.

- B) Preventing disruptive behavior in the market.

- C) Valuing humanity when hiring talent.

- D) Strictly adhering to statutory deadlines.

- Answer: A) Maintaining integrity and positive influence.

- Explanation: The focus is on Mokminwan influencing individuals positively by maintaining integrity.

 

3. According to Dasan's Silhak Mokmin view, what is important when handling criminal cases?

- A) Showing compassion to prisoners.

- B) Strictly adhering to statutory deadlines.

- C) Using punishment to eliminate personal biases.

- D) Collaborating with military leaders.

- Answer: B) Strictly adhering to statutory deadlines.

- Explanation: Emphasis is placed on adhering to statutory deadlines for speedy resolution of criminal cases.

 

 

Christian

 

1. What does Christian thought emphasize regarding human equality after Christ's atonement?

- A) God's continued discrimination.

- B) Equal divinity for all humans.

- C) Discrimination based on human actions.

- D) Freedom to defy God's will.

- Answer: B) Equal divinity for all humans.

- Explanation: Christ's atonement removed discrimination; all humans are equal recipients of divinity.

 

2. What is emphasized in Christian police ethics regarding the exercise of police power?

- A) Pursuit of personal justice.

- B) Alignment with God’s justice.

- C) Discrimination based on religious beliefs.

- D) Authoritarian exercise of power.

- Answer: B) Alignment with God’s justice.

- Explanation: The exercise of police power must align with God’s justice.

 

3. What is highlighted as the calling for police officers in Christian police ethics?

- A) Pursuit of personal goals.

- B) Authoritarian control.

- C) Divine calling from God.

- D) Discriminatory practices.

- Answer: C) Divine calling from God.

- Explanation: Police work is seen as a divine calling for officers in Christian police ethics.

 

 

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Key Terminology

 

1. Nirvana:

-The state of absolute comfort in Buddhism, free from birth, aging, illness, death, sorrow, and impurity.

 

2. Bodhisattva:

-  In Mahayana Buddhism, an enlightened being who delays their own Nirvana to help others achieve enlightenment.

 

3. Eightfold Path:

- In Buddhism, a practical path to overcome suffering, encompassing right view, right thinking, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.

 

4. Danjeon Breathing:

-  A practice in Zen involving specific breathing techniques aimed at achieving moderation of the mind and maintaining an unwavering mindset.

 

5. Daehak:

- The study of great people in Confucianism, aiming for the enlightenment of bright virtue.

 

6. Civic Ethical Atmosphere:

-  The collective ethical environment within a society.

 

7. Silhak (實學):

-  An ideological movement in the Joseon Dynasty critiquing Neo-Confucianism, emphasizing realist perspectives on politics, economics, and society.

 

8. Mokminwan (牧民官):

-  Officials in charge of shepherding the people, often associated with the principles of Silhak.

 

9. Dasan (茶山):

- The pen name of Jeong Yakyong, a Korean Confucian scholar associated with Silhak.

 

10. Atonement:

- The reconciliation of God and humans through Christ's sacrificial death.

 

11. Divinity:

- English Explanation: The quality or state of being divine; being god-like.

 

12. Existential Anxiety:

-  A feeling of unease or dread about one's existence and the meaning of life.